Economic Development Assistance for Communities Affected by Employment Changes Due to Military Base Closures

Under the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process, military facilities were closed and realigned in 1988, 1991, 1993 and 1995. A fifth BRAC round was authorized in late 2005 and must be completed by September 15, 2011. Under the BRAC process: (1) the Department of Defense (DOD) prepares a list of military bases to be realigned or closed; (2) an independent BRAC Commission reviews the list, makes changes and sends a revised list to the President; (3) the President approves and transmits the list to Congress; and (4) the BRAC recommendations are implemented, unless a joint resolution is passed in Congress disapproving the recommendations for closures and realignments. The 2005 BRAC round includes the closure or realignment of 837 facilities and involves an additional 160 facilities that will gain missions or resources, for a total of 997 changes nationwide. Most of these changes are on a smaller scale, each involving fewer than 300 direct job losses or gains, including military, civilian, and contractor jobs. Unlike previous rounds, the 2005 BRAC round is focused on creating the infrastructure needed to support a transformed, expeditionary armed force — concentrated more on shifting forces and installation assets to promote the centralization of units in places from which they can be deployed rapidly. Thus, the 2005 BRAC round is characterized much more by realignment than closure. In 20 communities, an estimated increase of 170,000 workers is expected. Important policy issues before Congress include (1) the impact of military base closures and expansions on local employment; (2) the possible elimination of the of the BRAC Commission and the resulting impact on federal economic and community development programs — such as the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program and the Economic Development Administration (EDA) — that currently provide a preference for communities affected by BRAC; (3) the adequacy and flat level of funding for federal assistance programs while anticipating an 80% increase from $17 billion to$32 billion in construction costs; (4) housing for military staff amidst the mortgage crisis; (5) funding for communities experiencing growth through the defense access road program; (6) delays in environmental cleanup that may cause difficulties in the economic redevelopment of military facilities; and (7) redevelopment of military bases as refineries to promote economic growth. In the 110th Congress, Title I of the Military Construction and Veterans Affairs Appropriations Act of 2009 (H.R. 6599) and Title I of the parallel Duncan Hunter National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 5658), would allocate funding for BRAC-related activities for road construction, military facilities, and housing assistance. This report is intended to discuss the geographic impact of base closures and realignments; summarize federal economic assistance programs for communities and individuals affected by BRAC; and highlight issues for Congress. The report will be updated as events warrant

Economic Development Assistance for Communities Affected by Employment Changes Due to Military Base Closures (BRAC)

[Excerpt] This report is intended to discuss the geographic impact of base closures and realignments; provide an analysis of federal economic assistance programs for communities and individuals affected by military base closures and realignments (BRAC); and analyze possible policy issues for Congress. Unlike previous rounds, the 2005 BRAC round is focused on creating the infrastructure needed to support a transformed, expeditionary armed force—concentrated more on shifting forces and installation assets to promote the centralization of units in places from which they can be deployed rapidly. Thus, the 2005 BRAC round is characterized much more by realignment than closure. In 20 communities, an estimated increase of 170,000 workers is expected. In addition, estimated construction costs are anticipated to increase by 80% from $17 billion to$32 billion. These communities identified transportation, schools and affordable housing as their top infrastructure challenges. Some communities, however, will be affected by job losses, and job creation and unemployment were cited as key concerns. Economic development programs for communities affected by BRAC include the Office of Economic Adjustment (OEA); the Economic Development Administration (EDA); the Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program; Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBZones) under the Small Business Administration (SBA); and programs such as the Homeowner’s Assistance Program (HAP), the Defense Access Road (DAR) program, Recovery Zone Economic Development Bonds, and Economic Development Conveyances (EDCs). Understanding the process to access funding under these programs is important for communities impacted by job losses and those affected by growth. EDA, for example, allocates funding to groups of counties organized as Economic Development Districts (EDDs), based on a plan known as a Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy (CEDS) and communities affected by BRAC must contact an EDA regional office and EDD to understand if competitive grant funding may be available. In contrast, CDBG allocates funding to one of over 1,100 entitlement communities based on a formula and on a plan known as the Consolidated Plan; BRAC funding is available primarily to help the homeless population near a base. The local communities must establish a Local Redevelopment Authority (LRA) to access assistance. The LRA serves as the primary link between the Department of Defense, the current installation, the local community, and the Federal and State agencies responsible for all BRAC matters. In the 111th Congress, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5) provided $555 million for the Homeowner’s Assistance Fund under the Housing Improvement Program (HAP), for military personnel affected by the 2005 BRAC round. P.L. 111-117 provided an additional$323 million for the HAP program. ARRA also provided $10 billion for Recovery Zone Economic Development Bonds for areas designated as economically distressed under previous BRAC round closures. The 112th Congress may consider amendments to federal economic development programs to assist communities affected by the 2005 BRAC. This report will be updated as events warrant

Técnicas de modelado matemático paramétrico y no paramétrico: un caso práctico de identificación de una máquina eléctrica

El modelado matemático es una característica muy importante en relación con el análisis y control de sistemas dinámicos. Además, la identificación del sistema es un enfoque para construir expresiones matemáticas a partir de datos experimentales tomados de procesos. En este contexto, este trabajo describe varias técnicas de modelado e identificación que son herramientas poderosas para determinar el comportamiento de los sistemas dinámicos en el tiempo. En Este trabajo se enfatiza las principales ventajas y/o desventajas que tienen las diferentes formulaciones matemáticas de modelación e identificación. También se presenta una revisión exhaustiva de las principales técnicas de modelado e identificación desde una perspectiva paramétrica y no paramétrica. Se formularon los modelos paramétricos y no paramétricos por medio de sus ecuaciones para aplicarlos en un caso de estudio. Los datos experimentales se toman de una máquina eléctrica, un motor de DC de una plataforma didáctica en la cual se aplican un conjunto de entradas conocidas para medir la velocidad del motor y utilizar estos datos como parte del proceso de modelación e identificación. El artículo concluye con las soluciones proporcionadas por la comparación de técnicas de modelación e identificación donde soluciones sencillas como los sistemas de primer orden son precisos para modelar un motor DC de dinámica lineal sobre otras formulaciones matemáticas más complejasMathematical modeling is an important feature concerning the analysis and control of dynamic systems. Also, system identification is an approach for building mathematical expressions from experimental data taken from processes performance. In this context, the contemporaneous state of the art describes several modelling and identification techniques which are excellent alternatives to determine systems behavior through time. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the main techniques for modeling and identification from a parametric and no parametric perspective. Experimental data are taken from an electrical machine that is a DC motor from a didactic platform. The paper concludes with the analysis of results taken from different identification procedures

Generating Genetic Resources for \u3cem\u3ePhytophthora capsici\u3c/em\u3e (L.) and Studying \u3cem\u3eP. capsici\u3c/em\u3e and \u3cem\u3ePhytophthora\u3c/em\u3e Hybrids in Peru

The genus Phytophthora includes more than 90 described species infecting over 1000 plant species. Population studies were conducted to investigate the survival and spread of P. capsici in the Peruvian coastal region. A total of 227 P. capsici isolates, recovered at widely distant localities from 2005-2007, were fingerprinted with AFLPs and SNP genotyping. A clonal population (PcPE-1) represented by 221 isolates was found to be distributed throughout the country. Atypical isolates of P. nicotianae were isolated from loquat trees in Peru and nuclear (internal transcribed spacer [ITS], the phenol acid carboxylase gene, and AFLPs) and mitochondrial genotyping (cytochrome oxidase gene [coxI]) identified this species as a hybrid between P. nicotianae and P. cactorum A comparison of five Phytophthora hybrid isolates from Peru and Taiwan (also infecting loquat trees) suggested that isolates from Peru likely originated from a single hybridization event and that the two isolates from Taiwan originated through different hybridization events. The generation of genetic resources for the study of complex genetic traits in P. capsici was initiated by studying its inbreeding up to the sixth generation. A total of 692 oospore-derived isolates were fingerprinted and a subset was characterized for pathogenicity in cucumber and jalapeno fruits and for segregation of the mating type. The traits tested revealed no-Mendelian segregation, and apomixis were observed to be more prevalent (100%) in deep (fifth generation) inbreeding crosses. Inbreeding was measured by studying the segregation of 20 AFLP markers, which indicated a loss of heterozygosity of ~75% by the sixth generation. The seminal cross from this study was used as a mapping population (F1) for generating a genetic linkage framework with 189 AFLP and 18 SNP markers. A total of 18 linkage groups were produced for each parental isolate using 65 and 42 markers for CBS121657 and CBS121656 isolates respectively covering 409 cM. SNP markers FL5 and FL6 were used for estimating the genome size of P. capsici and precision of the genome assembly. In order to conduct functional studies in P. capsici, we tested the efficacy of the polyethylene glycol mediated transformation. We regenerated up to 30 antibiotic resistant isolates and 53% of them were stable after three months of subculturing

Sprinkler Irrigation Automation System to Reduce the Frost Impact Using Machine Learning

Frosts reduce the ambient temperature to the freezing point of water, affecting the agricultural sector and the integrity of plant tissues, severely damaged by freezing, destroying plant cells. In addition, losses are generated in the economy due to the death of cattle due to cold, hunger, diseases, etc. Latin America is a region that depends, to a considerable extent, on its crops for its consumption and export, so frost represents an urgent problem to solve, considering that in Perú the area of agriculture is not technical. Among the methods most used by farmers is anticipated irrigation, through automatic learning techniques, which allows predicting the behavior of a variable based on previous historical data. In this paper, sprinkler irrigation is implemented in crops exposed to frost, using an automated system with machine learning techniques and prediction models. Therefore, three types of models are evaluated (linear regression, random forests, and decision trees) to predict the occurrence of frosts, reducing damage to plants. The results show that the protection activation indicator from 1.1°C to 1.7°C was updated to decrease the number of false positives. On the three models evaluated, it is determined that the most accurate method is the Random Forest Regression method, which has 80.91% reliability, absolute mean error, and mean square error close to zero

Economic Development Assistance for Communities Affected by Employment Changes Due to Military Base Closures (BRAC)

This report is intended to discuss the geographic impact of base closures and realignments; summarize federal economic assistance programs for communities and individuals affected by military base closures and realignments (BRAC); and highlight issues for Congress. The report will be updated as events warrant

Transition analysis towards circular economy in the European Union and Spain

RESUMEN: El sistema productivo tradicional basado en la economía lineal “extraer, fabricar, consumir y tirar”, genera grandes externalidades negativas para nuestro planeta. A, esto debemos añadir el progresivo crecimiento de la población global y el agotamiento de los recursos naturales. Por todo la anterior, dicho sistema resulta insostenible a largo plazo para la supervivencia de nuestro planeta. La única alternativa posible es el cambio hacia un modelo de economía circular, que fomente la optimización en la gestión de los recursos naturales, los materiales y los residuos generados, cerrando así el ciclo productivo y contribuyendo a combatir la crisis ambiental generada. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una visión sobre la importancia de la implantación de la economía circular en la Unión Europea, y analizando con especial detenimiento el caso de España, mediante el análisis de los indicadores de economía circular que identifican en qué situación se encuentra España con respecto a los demás países de la Unión Europea. Asimismo, se estudian las políticas puestas en marcha con el objetivo de generar una eficaz transición hacia una Unión Europea más ecológicaABSTRACT: The traditional production system based on the linear economy "extract, manufacture, consume and throw away", generates large negative externalities for our planet. To this, it must be added the steady growth of the global population and the depletion of natural resources. In the light of the above, such system is unsustainable in the long term for the survival of our planet. Therefore, the circular economy model emerges as an alternative for change that promotes optimization in the management of natural resources, materials and generated waste, thus closing the production cycle and contributing to combat the current environmental crisis. The objective of this work is to provide some insights into the importance of the implementation of the circular economy in the European Union, with special attention to the Spanish case, through the analysis of the circular economy indicators that allow us to address the position of Spain as compared to the rest of European Union countries. Likewise, the policies carried out with the aim of generating an effective transition towards a greener Europe are analysed.Grado en Economí

DISEÑO ESTRUCTURAL DE UN EDIFICIO DE 20 PISOS USANDO ACI318-14

CONSIDERACIONES IMPORTANTES DEL PROYECTO A CALCULAR COMBINACIONES DE CARGA Y FACTORES DE REDUCCIÓN MÉTODO DE DISEÑO ACERO CRITERIOS UTILIZADOS PARA ESTRUCTURAR SISTEMAS ESTRUCTURALES PARA FUERZAS SÍSMICAS ALIGERADOS LOSAS MACIZAS EN UNA DIRECCIÓN ESCALERAS VIGAS COLUMNAS MUROS CISTERNA Y TANQUE ELEVADO METRADO DE CARGAS MODELO Y ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL PARA CARGAS VERTICALES Y SÍSMICAS DISEÑO DE ELEMENTOS EN CONCRETO ARMADO DISEÑO DE COLUMNAS ANÁLISIS Y DISEÑO DE LOSAS ANÁLISIS Y DISEÑO DE MUROS ESTRUCTURALES DISEÑO DE CIMENTACIÓN DISEÑO DE MUROS ANCLADOS CONCRETO ARMAD

Cuando la Subjetividad Juega en Contra: Análisis de los Criterios de Cuantificación Usados por los Jueces y la Debida Motivación de Sentencias en Procesos de Indemnización por Responsabilidad Extracontractual por Daño Moral Tramitados en el Módulo de Justicia de Paucarpata- Arequipa, 2010-2016

El daño moral debe entenderse como la afectación que sufre una persona en sus afectos, en sus sentimientos o creencias. Partiendo de esta idea, inferimos que por su propia naturaleza, el daño moral no podría ser acreditado fehacientemente con un documento y cuantificarlo en base a éste; por lo que corresponde al Juez analizar el problema, y al no contar con elementos objetivos para su valoración, corresponde efectuar un análisis con subjetividad, y así asignar un monto para reparar el daño moral ocasionado a la víctima. Los jueces tienen el deber de pronunciarse al respecto y al hacerlo, están obligados a fundar lógica y legalmente su decisión, por lo que la motivación variará indefectiblemente dependiendo del caso en concreto y de la apreciación personal del Juez, teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias propias del daño producido, jugando la subjetividad, en muchos casos, un rol fundamental. Con la presente investigación, se ha evidenciado que los Magistrados del 1°, 2° y 3° Juzgado Mixto de Paucarpata convertidos luego en ese orden en el 1° y 2° Juzgado Civil, y 1° Juzgado de Familia respectivamente, usan criterios subjetivos y muchas veces arbitrarios y carentes de motivación al momento de otorgar una indemnización por daño moral, y que el monto dispuesto como reparación por este daño ocasionado, en la mayoría de los casos, está muy por debajo del monto peticionado en la demanda. Asimismo se ha evidenciado que, parte de la motivación aparente, comprende la invocación de artículos del Código Civil peruano sin realizar un mayor análisis de las implicancias y alcances de tales supuestos normativos; como pretendiendo que los mismos se expliquen por sí mismos y que éstos sean suficientes para sustentar su decisión. Tanto la deficiencia normativa, la falta de doctrina uniforme en torno a la valoración y cuantificación de la indemnización por daño moral, así como la falta de jurisprudencia uniforme, conllevan indefectiblemente a que sea el Juez que con su propio criterio fije una indemnización que difiere mucho de la solicitada, lo cual, a todas luces genera incertidumbre jurídica a los justiciables. PALABRAS CLAVE Indemnización, Daño Moral; Motivación, Criterios Subjetivos